hispaania (Mai 2024)
Cádiz, linn, pealinn ja Cádizi provintsi (provintsi) peamine meresadam Hispaania edelaosas Andaluusias asuvas autonoomias (autonoomne piirkond). Linn asub pikal kitsal poolsaarel, mis ulatub Cádizi lahte (Atlandi ookeani sissevool). 6–7-miilise (9,5–11 km) ümbermõõduga, mis on kaetud merega, kust see on müüridega kaitstud, on linnal ainult üks maismaast väljumine.
Viktoriin
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Tüürias asunud foiniikia kaupmeeste poolt asutatud traditsiooniliselt Gadirina (tähendab „ümbris”) asutasid seda juba 1100 eKr maad kartaagolased, umbes 501 eKr. Uskumine anti linna foiniikia päritolule avastuste abil 1980. aastal ja varem Foiniikia sarkofaagi kahes eraldi kohas.
Teise Punasõja lõpul alistus linn meeleldi Roomale ja sellest ajast alates, kui Gades kasvas, kasvas jõukus pidevalt. Rooma teater, üks vanimaid ja paremini säilinud Hispaanias, avastati Pópulo eeslinnas 1980. aastal. 5. sajandil hävitasid linna visigotid. Mooride valitsemine Jazīrat Qādiseks nimetatud sadama üle kestis 711. aastast kuni aastani 1262, mil Castilla Alfonso X vallutas Cádizi ja ehitas selle uuesti üles.
Selle uuendatud õitseng sai alguse Ameerika avastamisest 1492. aastal, mil sellest sai Hispaania aardelaevastike peakorter. 16. sajandil tõrjus see Barbary korserde poolt läbi viidud reide; aastal 1587 põletas selle sadamalaevanduse Inglise eskadrill sir Francis Drake'i juhtimisel. Pärast inglaste blokeerimist (1797–1998) ja pommitamist (1800) piirasid prantslased seda aastatel 1810–12, sel ajal oli see kogu Hispaania pealinn, mis polnud Napoleoni kontrolli all. Seal kohtusid Cortes (Hispaania parlament) ja kuulutanud 1812. aasta märtsis kuulsa liberaalse põhiseaduse.
The loss of the Spanish colonies in the Americas dealt a blow to the trade of Cádiz from which it never recovered. Its decline was later accelerated by the disasters of the Spanish-American War of 1898 and by its antiquated harbour works. After 1900, considerable improvements were made in quayside construction, and recovery proceeded steadily. In the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) Cádiz fell to the Nationalists almost at once and served as an important port of entry for reinforcements from Spanish Morocco. In 1947 the city suffered great damage from the explosion of a naval arms store.
Industrial development is rather limited, but important naval and mercantile shipbuilding yards and various factories exist on the mainland (metalworking and food processing), and there are tuna fisheries off the coast. The city is primarily a commercial port, exporting wine (principally sherry from Jerez de la Frontera), salt, olives, figs, cork, and salted fish and importing coal, iron and machinery, timber, cereals, coffee, and other foodstuffs. Several shipping lines call there, and passenger traffic is important, mainly to the Canary Islands. A military airfield and a Spanish-U.S. air base, Rota, are nearby. Along the Bay of Cádiz, a metropolitan area has formed with a commercial centre.
Notable landmarks include the old cathedral, originally built by Alfonso X of Castile (1252–84) and rebuilt after 1596; and the Baroque cathedral, begun in 1722 and completed in 1838, where the composer Manuel de Falla (1876–1946) is buried and which holds a magnificent collection of art treasures. Other landmarks include San Sebastián and Santa Catalina castles, numerous museums, and the famous Torre de Vigía (100 feet [30 metres]), a signal tower in the centre of the city. Cádiz’s lively annual carnival, held the week leading up to Shrove Tuesday, includes processions, costumes, music, dancing, and contests. The celebration is modeled after the renowned carnivals of Venice, which had an active trade with Cádiz in the 16th century. Pop. (2007 est.) 128,554.
