Hawaii volcanoes eruption-Lava lakes, Lava flows in Hawaii volcanoes national park (Juuni 2024)
Hawaii vulkaanide rahvuspark, aktiivne vulkaanipiirkond piki Hawaii saare kagukallast, Hawaii osariik, USA, mis asub Hilo edelast. 1961. aastal asutatud ja varem Hawaii rahvuspargi (asutatud 1916) osa hõlmab selle pindala 505 ruutmiili (1 308 ruutkilomeetrit) ja hõlmab kahte aktiivset vulkaani - Mauna Loa ja Kilauea - 25 miili (40 km) kaugusel. Park määrati 1987. aastal UNESCO maailmapärandi nimistusse.
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Saare lõuna-keskosas asuv Mauna Loa on Maa suurim vulkaan. Selle suurem osa ulatub umbes 3 miili (5 km) ülespoole ookeani põhjast, seejärel tõuseb veel 2,6 miili (4,2 km) merepinnast 13 677 jala (4 169 meetrit) kõrgusele. Pool saart kattev Mauna Loa on kilp-vulkaan, mis on pursanud umbes kolm tosinat korda pärast oma esimest hästi dokumenteeritud purset 1843. Selle kaldera tippkohtumise läbimõõt on umbes 3–3 miili (3–5 km) ja 600 jalga (180 meetrit) sügav. Vulkaan on olnud vahelduva aktiivsusega, näidates purskeid nii kalderis kui ka selle küljes olevatest lõhedest. Aastal 1881 sisenes Hilo linna ääremaale vulkaani kirdeküljelt külgne laavavool. 1950. aastal jõudis vulkaani edelaosa tsoonist pärit laavavool vähem kui kolme tunniga ookeani,läbides vahemaa kiirusega 5,8 miili (9,3 km) tunnis. Mauna Loa viimane purske toimus 1984. aastal pärast vulkaani all toimunud maavärinat.
Kilauea lies east of Mauna Loa and is considered to be Earth’s most active volcano. It is Hawaii’s youngest. It covers about one-seventh of the island of Hawaii (southeast) and rises to about 4,090 feet (1,250 metres) above sea level. It also is a shield volcano, with a summit caldera about the same size as Mauna Loa’s but not quite as deep. Halema‘uma‘u Crater, located within Kilauea’s caldera, is the volcano’s most active vent. In 1924 a series of steam explosions ejecting ash and blocks of lava followed the abrupt draining away of Halema‘uma‘u’s active lava lake. Sporadic eruptions at Halema‘uma‘u Crater followed, including a four-month eruption in 1952. Subsequent eruptions of Kilauea have occurred primarily in the volcano’s east rift zone; these became continuous beginning in 1983. First the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent, located southeast of Kilauea’s caldera on the national park’s boundary, produced lava fountains reaching heights of 1,540 feet (470 metres) into the air. Then in 1986 the eruption shifted 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō to the new Kupaianaha vent, from which a quiet effusion of lava continued to flow and eventually reached the ocean; in 1990 lava buried the entire historic community of Kalapana. In 1992 the flow of lava shifted back to the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent, where a cinder cone had previously formed. After the collapse of the cone, lava from Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō flowing through a 7-mile- (11-km-) long lava tube system reached the ocean in 1997. This eruption continued into the early 21st century, by which time some 500 acres (200 hectares) of new land had been added to Hawaii’s southern shore. In 2018 a series of eruptions in the east rift zone opened several fissures that cut across residential neighbourhoods, releasing lava and clouds of sulfur dioxide gas. One explosive eruption sent a plume of volcanic ash some 30,000 feet (9,140 metres) into the air.
Other highlights of the national park are Ka‘ū Desert, a region of unusual lava formations in the rain shadow of Kilauea; Mauna Loa Trail, which wends its way to that volcano’s peak from Kilauea; a tree fern forest, a dense tropical area watered by nearly 100 inches (2,500 mm) of rainfall annually; and the museum at the park headquarters. Northwest of Kilauea is Kipuka Puaulu (also called Bird Park), where a nature trail leads from a grassy meadow dotted with clumps of koa, ohia, soapberry, kolea, and mamani trees to an open forest with many varieties of native trees. The park abounds with tropical birds. Introduced wildlife species include mongooses, wild goats and pigs, and pheasant and quail.
